BGIN SR 0011
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Study Report: Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) – Technology and Applications
Author: Leona Hioki (BGIN) and contributors
Editor: Mitchell Travers (BGIN)
Working Group: IAM, Key Management and Privacy Working Group
This study is a work product of the IAM, Key Management and Privacy Working Group of BGIN.
©2025 BGIN (Blockchain Governance Initiative Network) is registered as BN Association, a Japanese general association with its principal place of business at Shiba Building, 704, 4-7-6, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo. All rights reserved.
Executive Summary
This report consolidates modern zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) practice for blockchain applications, examining arithmetization choices (R1CS, Plonkish, AIR, CCS), proving backends (pairing/KZG, IPA, FRI/STARK, sumcheck-centric), recursion and folding/IVC (Nova/SuperNova/HyperNova), zkVMs, and post-EIP-4844 rollup economics. It provides concrete derivations (Groth16/QAP, KZG, sumcheck, FRI), proof size and cost estimates, and security considerations for production deployments.
Zero-knowledge proofs enable one party (the prover) to convince another party (the verifier) that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. Since their theoretical foundation in 1985 and practical implementation beginning in 2013, ZKPs have evolved from academic curiosity to production-ready technology powering privacy-preserving transactions, scalable blockchain infrastructure, and verifiable computation systems.
Key Capabilities:
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Privacy Enhancement: Privacy-preserving transactions and identity verification without exposing sensitive data
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Scalability Solutions: zkRollups enable thousands of off-chain transactions while maintaining on-chain security
Verifiable Computation: Verification of complex computations with minimal overhead
We will be presenting this report at our next webinar: see here >>